This Children's Depression Scale is a self-assessment tool specifically used to assess depressive symptoms in children and adolescents aged 6-23 years. It was developed by Weissman et al. (1980) and has high reliability and validity. This scale contains 20 self-evaluation items, involving children's emotions, behavior, interpersonal relationships, self-evaluation, etc. The scoring range is 0-60 po...

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PNAS) is a psychometric tool used to assess the degree of positive and negative emotions an individual has experienced in the past month. Positive emotions refer to those pleasant, energetic and satisfying emotions, such as excitement, pride, inspiration, etc. Negative emotions refer to those unpleasant, painful and frustrating emotions, such as fear, gui...

Parental reflective functioning refers to the ability of parents to understand their own and their children's mental states and how these mental states influence behavior and relationships. Parental reflection function is an important psychological skill that can help parents establish secure attachment with their children, promote their children's social and emotional development, and prevent and...

Do you often feel nervous and uncomfortable in front of strangers? Do you feel like you're terrible at socializing? Do you have difficulty maintaining eye contact and conversing naturally with others? If your answer is yes, then you probably have a certain level of shyness. Shyness is a psychological phenomenon that includes not only social anxiety but also behavioral inhibition. Shyness can affec...

Social phobia is a psychological disorder characterized by intense fear or apprehension of social or public situations, and the resulting effort to avoid them. People with social phobia usually fear making a fool of themselves in front of others, being judged, or being rejected, causing them to encounter many difficulties and inconveniences in their daily lives. The causes of social phobia may be ...

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) is a scale used to measure an individual's overall self-confidence in dealing with various environmental challenges or facing new things. It was compiled by German psychologist Professor Ralf Schwarzer and his colleagues in 1981. It has been translated into many languages ​​and is widely used internationally. This scale has 10 items in total, involving aspect...

In a world full of uncertainty, the attitudes of pessimists and optimists have a profound impact on their life trajectories. Pessimists might say they are always right because they always foresee the worst-case scenario, while optimists always move forward because they believe the future is full of possibilities. Both attitudes have their value, but an optimistic attitude often brings more motivat...

Psychological Resilience Scale is a commonly used psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's ability to cope and recover when facing stress, adversity and challenges. It helps researchers and clinical professionals understand individuals' psychological adaptability and coping strategies in difficult situations. Mental toughness scales usually consist of a series of questions or ...

The Undergraduate Personality Inventory (UPI) is the abbreviation of University Personality Inventory. The main function of UPI is a mental health questionnaire for college students compiled for the early detection and early treatment of students with psychological problems. UPI was compiled in 1966 by collective discussions among university psychological counselors and psychiatrists across the co...

The DASS-21 (Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale) is a commonly used self-report scale used to assess an individual's emotional state in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress. It was developed by Lovibond (1995) and has been widely used in many studies and clinical practice. The DASS-21 contains three subscales that assess depression, anxiety, and stress respectively. Each subscale consists of 7 it...