The 50 cognitive biases that Musk recommends that everyone should master are an in-depth analysis of the common errors and biases in our thinking. These cognitive biases not only exist in our personal lives, but also widely affect social and economic development. Understanding these cognitive biases can help us see things more objectively and make smarter decisions. 1. Fundamental Attribution Error: We often define others based on personality or character, but use situational factors to excuse ourselves. 2. Selfish bias: There is always a reason for failure, but success depends entirely on yourself. 3. In-group favoritism: We prefer people who are in our group to those who are outside our group. 4. Bandwagon effect: As more and more people accept certain ideas, fashions and beliefs, the influence of these ideas will grow. 5. Groupthink: People prefer to maintain consistency and harmony with the group. In order to minimize conflicts, we occasionally make some unreasonable decisions. 6. The halo effect: If you perceive a person to have positive traits, this positive impression will radiate to other traits of that person (the same applies to negative traits). 7. Moral luck: A better outcome increases people’s evaluation of their morality, and vice versa. 8. False consensus: In reality, fewer people support our views than we think. 9. The Curse of Knowledge: Once we know something, it’s easy to assume that others know it too. 10. Spotlight effect: We overestimate how much attention people will pay to our actions and appearance. 11. Availability heuristic: When we make judgments, we usually rely on the most intuitive examples that come to mind. 12. Defensive attribution: During an accident, witnesses will secretly worry that they will be blamed in the same way. If the witness’s experience is more similar to that of the victim, they will blame the victim less and attack instead. perpetrator. vice versa. 13. Just World Hypothesis: People tend to believe that the world is just; therefore, we believe that unfair things happen for a reason. 14. Naive realism: We are accustomed to believe that what we observe is objective fact, and that other people are irrational, uninformed, or biased. 15. Naive cynicism: Believing that what you observe is objective truth and that others are more self-centered than they let on. 16. The Fowler Effect (also known as the Barnum Effect): We easily accept some vague and widely used words to describe our personality. 17. Dunning-Kruger Effect: The less you know, the more confident you are, and the more you know, the more humble you are. 18. Anchoring effect: We rely heavily on first glance information when making decisions. 19. Automated system bias: We rely heavily on automated systems, and sometimes even trust them too much, leading to the modification of truly correct decisions. 20. The Google Effect (aka digital amnesia): We often forget information that is easily found on search engines. 21. Resistance theory: When freedom is restricted, we will feel unhappy, so we will do some forbidden behaviors to release our emotions. 22. Confirmation Bias: We tend to find and remember information that confirms our beliefs. 23. Backfire effect: When a piece of wrong information is corrected, if the corrected information is inconsistent with people’s original views, it will unreasonably deepen people’s trust in the wrong information. 24. Third person effect: We believe that others are more affected by mass media than ourselves. 25. Belief bias: When we judge whether a point of view is credible, it is not whether the point of view is correct, but whether we are willing to believe it. 26. Availability Cascade: The more something is discussed publicly and repeatedly, the more we believe it is true in order to fit in with society. 27. Declinism: We are more likely to romanticize the past and view the future negatively, believing that the world is in decline. 28. Status quo bias: Preferring to remain the same and viewing even beneficial changes as a loss. 29. Sunk cost fallacy (also known as escalation of commitment): Even in the face of negative results, people are unwilling to give up their initial investment, but will invest more in these things that are destined to fail. 30. Gambler’s fallacy: Believing that future possibilities are affected by past events. 31. Zero risk bias: People will pursue making small risks tend to zero, but will not reduce the probability of large risks in some way. 32. Framing effect: People often draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how the information is presented. 33. Stereotype: It is a common belief that members of a group must share certain characteristics even though there is no specific personal information. 34. Out-group homogeneity bias: People will think that people outside the group are the same, while people in their own group are different. 35. Authority Bias: We trust the opinions of authority figures and are often influenced by them. 36. Placebo effect: When we believe that a (originally ineffective) treatment will work, it usually produces a small physiological effect. 37. Survivor Bias: People tend to focus more on things that survived and ignore those that failed. 38. Hyperpsychiasis: Our perception of time is dependent on trauma, drug use, and physical exertion. 39. The Law of Triviality (Bike Shed Effect): People often give disproportionate weight to trivial problems while avoiding facing more complex problems. 40. Zeigarnik memory effect: People are more likely to remember unfinished tasks than completed tasks. 41. The IKEA effect: People will value more things that they have participated in as part of the creation process. 42. Ben Franklin Effect: People like to help others. If we have done someone a favor, we will look forward to doing another favor rather than getting something in return. 43. Bystander effect: The more people around, the less likely we are to help the victim. 44. Suggestion Susceptibility: We, especially children, sometimes mistake the questioner’s thoughts for memories. 45. False memories: We mistake imaginations for real memories. 46. Latent memories: We can also mistake real memories for imagination. 47. Clustering illusion: We will find patterns and regularities in originally random data information. 48. Pessimism bias: We sometimes overestimate the probability of a bad outcome. 49. Optimism Bias: We are sometimes overly optimistic about good outcomes. 50. Prejudice blind spot: People do not think that they are biased, and they also think that others are more biased than ourselves. Mastering these cognitive biases can not only help us understand ourselves better in our personal lives, but also understand others more accurately in work and social fields. By becoming aware of our cognitive biases and trying to correct and respond to them, we can better cope with challenges and achieve greater success. Let us continue to learn and grow in our daily lives, improve our thinking, and create a better future for ourselves and society.
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