The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) is a scale used to measure an individual’s overall self-confidence in dealing with various environmental challenges or facing new things. It was compiled by German psychologist Professor Ralf Schwarzer and his colleagues in 1981. It has been translated into many languages and is widely used internationally. This scale has 10 items in total, involving aspects such as sense of effort, talent, sense of environment, sense of goal achievement, and self-expectations. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale from “not at all true” to “completely true”. The higher the total score of the scale, the stronger the individual’s general self-efficacy. This scale is suitable for people over 12 years old and can be tested individually or in groups.
Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s perception or belief about his or her ability to adopt adaptive behaviors when facing challenges in the environment. A person who believes that he can handle various things well will be more positive and proactive in life. This perception of “what can be done” reflects a sense of individual control over the environment. Therefore, self-efficacy is a self-confidence theory that looks at an individual’s ability to handle various stresses in life.
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